Languages

Every language is a way of seeing

Not just words and grammar — the beauty, history, culture and writing system of each, and how the brain learns them.


🇻🇳 Tiếng Việt

Vietnamese ✨ Hub inside

A tonal language written in a Latin alphabet all its own.

~85 million speakers · Vietnam
🇬🇧 English

English ✨ Hub inside

A Germanic core, a French wardrobe, and a global reach.

~1.5 billion speakers · Global
🇨🇳 中文

Chinese ✨ Hub inside

Thousands of characters, four tones, and five thousand years of continuity.

~1.1 billion speakers · China, Taiwan, Singapore
🇪🇸 Español

Spanish ✨ Hub inside

A world language of warmth, rhythm, and half a billion voices.

~500 million speakers · Spain & Latin America
🇰🇷 한국어

Korean ✨ Hub inside

Hangul — the alphabet a king designed to be learned in a morning.

~80 million speakers · Korea
🇯🇵 日本語

Japanese ✨ Hub inside

Three scripts, centuries of poetry, and a grammar unlike any European tongue.

~125 million speakers · Japan
🇬🇷 Ελληνικά

Greek ✨ Hub inside

The language of philosophy, democracy, and the alphabet itself.

~13.5 million speakers · Greece & Cyprus
🇫🇷 Français

French ✨ Hub inside

A language you already know several hundred words of, before lesson one

~396 million speakers · France, Belgium, Switzerland, Canada, West and Central Africa, the Maghreb, Haiti
🇩🇪 Deutsch

German ✨ Hub inside

All the difficulty is front-loaded — get past six months and it becomes the most regular language in Europe

~135 million speakers · Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Belgium, South Tyrol
🇮🇹 Italiano

Italian ✨ Hub inside

The easiest European language to start — and not the easiest to finish

~85 million speakers · Italy, San Marino, Switzerland, Vatican City, diaspora communities in Argentina and the US
🇷🇺 Русский

Russian ✨ Hub inside

The alphabet gets blamed for a difficulty it does not cause — it takes days

~210 million (about 145 million native) · Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and the post-Soviet states
🇸🇦 العربية

Arabic ✨ Hub inside

The first decision is which Arabic — and almost nobody tells you it exists

~420 million speakers · The Middle East and North Africa, 22 Arab League states
🇮🇱 עברית

Hebrew

The only language that ever came back as a mother tongue

~9 million speakers · Israel, and Jewish communities worldwide
🇹🇿 Kiswahili

Swahili

The easiest pronunciation in this section — and the difficulty sits in exactly one place

~200 million (mostly as a second language) · Tanzania, Kenya, Uganda, Rwanda, the DR Congo and more than a dozen East African countries
🇳🇱 Nederlands

Dutch

Among the easiest languages to learn — and the hardest to practise, for a reason that has nothing to do with the language

~28 million (24 million native) · Netherlands, Belgium (Flanders), Suriname, Aruba, Curaçao, Sint Maarten
🇵🇹 Português

Portuguese

Four in five speakers are Brazilian — pick your variety before lesson one

~260 million (over 220 million native) · Brazil, Portugal, Angola, Mozambique, Cape Verde, Guinea-Bissau, São Tomé, East Timor, Macau
🇹🇭 ไทย

Thai

The script is blamed for the wrong thing — the real barrier is that Thai writes no spaces between words

~70 million speakers · Thailand, and border communities with Laos, Cambodia and Malaysia
🇮🇩 Bahasa Indonesia

Indonesian

The simplest grammar in this section — and the language in the book is not the language people speak

~199 million (mostly as a second language) · Indonesia, East Timor
🇲🇲 မြန်မာ

Burmese

The language whose written and spoken forms use different grammar

About 33 million native speakers, around 43 million including second-language users · Myanmar; communities in Thailand, Bangladesh, Malaysia, the United States
🇲🇾 Bahasa Melayu

Malay

The shared language of maritime Southeast Asia for centuries — and the only language here with two living scripts

~19 million native to the standard, ~290 million counting Indonesian · Malaysia, Brunei, Singapore, southern Thailand
🇹🇷 Türkçe

Turkish

A language rebuilt on purpose — and startlingly regular because of it

About 85 million native speakers, close to 90 million including second-language users · Türkiye, Cyprus; large communities in Germany, the Netherlands, Bulgaria
🇮🇳 हिन्दी

Hindi

A distant cousin of French, written in an Indian script

About 345 million native speakers, over 600 million including second-language users · Northern and central India; large communities in Fiji, Mauritius, South Africa, the UK and the US
🇧🇩 বাংলা

Bengali

The language people died for, and a country was founded to protect

About 237 million native speakers, close to 284 million including second-language users · Bangladesh; West Bengal, Tripura and the Barak Valley of Assam in India
🇵🇰 اردو

Urdu

The same spoken language as Hindi, in a script almost too beautiful to print

About 70 million native speakers, over 230 million including second-language users · Pakistan; Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Telangana and Delhi in India; communities in the Gulf and the UK
🇮🇳 தமிழ்

Tamil

The oldest language still in daily use — and textbooks teach a Tamil nobody speaks

About 79 million native speakers, close to 86 million including second-language users · Tamil Nadu and Puducherry (India), Sri Lanka, Singapore; large communities in Malaysia, Mauritius, South Africa
🇮🇷 فارسی

Persian

The simplest grammar of any major language in the Arabic script — and the script hides it

About 80 million native speakers in Iran, around 130 million counting Dari and Tajik · Iran, Afghanistan (Dari), Tajikistan (Tajik); large communities in the US, Germany, Turkey
🇱🇦 ລາວ

Lao

Thai's sister language — and the easier of the two to read

About 4 million native speakers in Laos, over 20 million counting Isan · Laos; the Isan region of northeastern Thailand speaks a very close variety
🇪🇹 አማርኛ

Amharic

Semitic, but written left to right in an alphabet of its own

Over 33 million native speakers, and some 25 million more who use it as a second language · Ethiopia, where it is a federal working language; large communities in the United States, Israel and the Gulf
🇮🇸 Íslenska

Icelandic

A thousand years of grammar, kept whole on purpose

About 350,000 — fewer people than live in a mid-sized city · Iceland; small communities in Denmark, Norway and Canada
🇮🇪 Gaeilge

Irish

The verb comes first, and the beginning of the word keeps changing

1.87 million say they can speak it; about 72,000 use it daily outside education · Ireland, with the Gaeltacht districts along the western seaboard; Northern Ireland and the diaspora
🏴󠁧󠁢󠁷󠁬󠁳󠁿 Cymraeg

Welsh

Spelling that never lies, and a poetic system nobody else kept

The 2021 census recorded 538,000 in Wales; the annual survey puts the figure much higher · Wales; and Y Wladfa, the Welsh settlement in Patagonia, Argentina, founded in 1865
🇰🇭 ភាសាខ្មែរ

Khmer

No tones at all, and the largest alphabet in the world

About 17 million in Cambodia, plus over a million Khmer Krom in Vietnam · Cambodia; the Mekong Delta in Vietnam; northeastern Thailand
🇱🇰 සිංහල

Sinhala

An Indo-European language marooned a thousand miles from its family

Around 16 million native speakers, plus several million who use it as a second language · Sri Lanka, where it is the language of about three quarters of the population
🇵🇭 Tagalog

Tagalog

Easy sounds, easy spelling, and one grammatical idea that takes a year

About 28 million native speakers; close to 90 million use Filipino, which is based on it · The Philippines; and a diaspora of more than ten million worldwide
🇭🇰 廣東話

Cantonese

Six tones, and the syllable endings Mandarin lost

About 85 million — more than the population of most countries · Hong Kong, Macau and Guangdong; and most of the world's older Chinatowns
🇵🇱 Polski

Polish

Consonant clusters that look impossible and are entirely predictable

About 40 million in Poland, plus some 20 million of Polish descent abroad · Poland; with very large communities in Britain, Germany and the United States
🇸🇪 Svenska

Swedish

Surprisingly light grammar, and two things nobody warns you about

About 10 million, plus some 300,000 in Finland · Sweden, and the Swedish-speaking regions of Finland
🇫🇮 Suomi

Finnish

Very demanding and very regular — which are different things

About 5.5 million speakers · Finland; and a Finnish-speaking minority in Sweden
🇳🇴 Norsk

Norwegian

Two official written standards, and no spoken standard at all

About 5.4 million speakers · Norway
🇩🇰 Dansk

Danish

Written almost like Norwegian, spoken like nothing else

About 6 million speakers · Denmark, Greenland, the Faroe Islands
🇨🇿 Čeština

Czech

The textbook teaches one Czech; the pub speaks another

About 10.7 million speakers · Czech Republic; communities in Slovakia, Austria, Germany and North America
🇭🇺 Magyar

Hungarian

The verb changes shape depending on whether its object is definite

About 13 million speakers · Hungary; communities in Romania, Slovakia, Serbia and Ukraine
🇸🇰 Slovenčina

Slovak

Slovaks understand Czech; young Czechs increasingly do not understand Slovak

About 5.2 million speakers · Slovakia; communities in Czechia, Hungary, Serbia and North America
🇵🇪 Runa Simi

Quechua

The grammar makes you declare how you know it

About 8–10 million — the largest indigenous language family in the Americas · Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador; also parts of Argentina, Colombia and Chile
🇵🇾 Avañe'ẽ

Guaraní

Nouns take tense: my house, my former house, my house-to-be

About 6 million, mostly in Paraguay · Paraguay; also parts of Argentina, Bolivia and Brazil
🇲🇳 Монгол хэл

Mongolian

One language, two scripts, and a state moving back to the older one

About 5–6 million speakers · Mongolia; and Inner Mongolia in China
🇰🇿 Қазақ тілі

Kazakh

An alphabet change that was decreed and has not happened

About 13–14 million speakers · Kazakhstan; and communities in China, Uzbekistan, Russia and Mongolia
🇳🇿 Te Reo Māori

Māori

Learner numbers are climbing while the figure that matters has not moved

213,849 conversational speakers (2023 census), 4.3 per cent of New Zealanders · New Zealand (Aotearoa); also the Cook Islands and Australia
🇦🇱 Shqip

Albanian

Its own branch of Indo-European, with no surviving relatives

Roughly 6–7.5 million native speakers (estimates vary widely) · Albania, Kosovo, North Macedonia, Montenegro; communities in Italy, Greece and Turkey
🇺🇦 Українська

Ukrainian

The fastest-shifting language in contemporary Europe

Roughly 32–35 million, and rising inside the country · Ukraine; large communities in Poland, Canada, the United States, Germany and Italy
🇷🇴 Română

Romanian

The one Romance language that grew up among Slavs

Roughly 24–25 million native speakers · Romania and Moldova; large communities in Italy, Spain, Germany and Israel
🇮🇳🇵🇰 हिन्दुस्तानी / ہندوستانی

Hindustani (Hindi–Urdu)

One spoken language, two scripts, two names

Over 600 million including second-language speakers · Northern India and Pakistan; large communities in the Gulf, Britain, the US and Canada
🇮🇳🇵🇰 ਪੰਜਾਬੀ / پنجابی

Punjabi

The one Indo-Aryan language with tones

Roughly 125–150 million, the majority in Pakistan · Punjab state in India and Punjab province in Pakistan; large communities in Canada, Britain, the US and Australia
🇿🇦 isiZulu

Zulu

South Africa's most spoken home language — and it is growing

About 12 million native speakers, plus millions more as a second language · South Africa, chiefly KwaZulu-Natal and Gauteng; also Lesotho, Eswatini and Zimbabwe
🇪🇪 Eesti keel

Estonian

A language with three degrees of length — almost unique in the world

About 1.1 million — one of Europe's smallest national languages · Estonia; communities in Finland, Sweden and North America
🇮🇩 Basa Jawa

Javanese

The largest language in the world that is nobody's national language

About 80 million native speakers · Central and East Java, Indonesia; communities in Suriname, Malaysia and the Netherlands
🇱🇹 Lietuvių kalba

Lithuanian

The most archaic living Indo-European language

About 3 million speakers · Lithuania; communities in Britain, Ireland, Norway and the United States
🇳🇬 Harshen Hausa

Hausa

West Africa's largest trade language — and it has tones

About 58 million native speakers plus roughly 36 million second-language speakers · Northern Nigeria and Niger; used as a trade language across West Africa and the Sahel
🇳🇬 Èdè Yorùbá

Yoruba

A tonal language whose spelling records every tone

About 48 million native speakers · Southwestern Nigeria, Benin, Togo; religious communities in Cuba, Brazil and Trinidad
🇳🇬 Asụsụ Igbo

Igbo

The language with a rumour about its own death

About 25 million speakers · Southeastern Nigeria; large communities in Equatorial Guinea, Britain and the United States
🌍 Fulfulde / Pulaar

Fula

Spread across twenty countries and nobody's national language

Estimates vary widely, roughly 25–40 million — see the explanation · The Sahel and West Africa: Senegal, Guinea, Mali, Nigeria, Cameroon, Chad and many others
🇭🇷 Hrvatski

Croatian

A language where is it one language? is still unsettled

About 5–6 million speakers · Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina; communities in Germany, Austria, the US and Australia
🏛️ Lingua Latina

Latin

The language where nobody can correct you

No native speakers. Far more people read it than speak it · No native-speaking region. Official in Vatican City; taught in universities worldwide