乃至 and 以至 — widening, and leading to

规则 乃至 = and even — WIDENING the scope to its furthest point: 这项发现影响了中国乃至世界。
以至 = to the point that — the CONSEQUENCE of the degree just stated: 他激动得说不出话，以至流下泪来。
The test: after 乃至 comes a LARGER member of the same list; after 以至 comes a RESULT.
而且 adds a second clause running the same way: 不但…而且….
因而 draws the logical result of a cause already given.